Laboratory evaluation of the potential masking of color changes produced by silver diamine fluoride in primary molars.

BACKGROUND: The importance of Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a minimally invasive and nonaerosolizing management during COVID-19 pandemic has highly increased. SDF is a caries-arresting agent that causes staining of tooth structure. Managing this discoloration will increase its acceptance in treating primary teeth. The main aim of this study was to quantify the color change associated with the application of SDF on extracted carious primary molars, the potential masking of this color change by potassium iodide (KI), composite (CMP) and glass ionomer cement (GI) and the effect of aging on this color masking effect. METHODS: An in-vitro study in which 52 carious primary molars were collected, prepared, and distributed randomly into four groups equally as follows: Group A: SDF 38%; Group B: SDF 38% + KI; Group C: SDF 38% + CMP; Group D: SDF 38% + GI. Color changes were recorded for each sample at baseline, and after application of the tested materials. Moreover, all samples had undergone Suntest aging followed by a third color reading. CIELAB values L*, a*, b*, ΔL, Δa, and Δb were measured, ΔE was calculated, and data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and post-Hoc Scheffé test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: MANOVA revealed the significant influence of the factor 'material'. SDF caused an obvious color change compared to the color of carious dentin. Regarding ΔL, the color change of groups C and D was not significant directly after application of the tested materials. After aging, it was significant among all groups, including groups C and D. In Δa there was a difference between SDF and groups B and C after application of the tested materials, and aging produced the same results. The color shifts of Δb of all tested groups varied significantly from one another. After aging, there was no difference between group D and either group A or B. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with SDF caused obvious discoloration of carious dentin. Directly after SDF application, all tested materials could effectively mask the color change associated with the application of SDF. CMP was the only material whose color masking effect was not completely reversed by aging.

Based on Principles and Insights of COVID-19 Epidemiology, Genome Sequencing, and Pathogenesis: Retrospective Analysis of Sinigrin and ProlixinRX (Fluphenazine) Provides Off-Label Drug Candidates.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative pathogen of pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). So far, no approved therapy has been developed to halt the spread of the pathogen, and unfortunately, the strategies for developing a new therapy will require a long time and very extensive resources. Therefore, drug repurposing has emerged as an ideal strategy toward a smart, versatile, quick way to confine the lethal disease. In this endeavor, natural products have been an untapped source for new drugs. This review represents the confederated experience of multidisciplinary researchers of 99 articles using several databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. To establish the hypothesis, a Bayesian perspective of a systematic review was used to outline evidence synthesis. Our docking documentation of 69 compounds and future research agenda assumptions were directed toward finding an effective and economic anti-COVID-19 treatment from natural products. Glucosinolate, flavones, and sulfated nitrogenous compounds demonstrate direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity through inhibition protease enzymes and may be considered potential candidates against coronavirus. These findings could be a starting point to initiate an integrative study that may encompass interested scientists and research institutes to test the hypothesis in vitro, in vivo, and in clinics after satisfying all ethical requirements.